1	ANATOMY LECTURE SERIES CELLS
2	CELL MEMBRANE Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane The cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment and neighboring cells The cell membrane regulates the transport of molecules into and out of the cell
3	NUCLEUS The nucleus is the most important organelle within the body The nucleus contains DNA and protein arranged in a loose state called chromatin Located within the nucleus are nucleoli which contain ribosomes and protein
4	CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm is the semifluid material in which life functions take place Organelles within the cytoplasm: Centrosome - Lysosomes Centrioles - Perioxisomes Endoplasmic Reticulum - Cytoskeleton Mitochondria - Pinocytic Vesicles Golgi Apparatus
5	CELL DIVISION Cells divide for two purposes: Meiosis is the division of the sex cell or gamete Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm Interphase • Metaphase Anaphase • Telophase • Prophase
6	PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells produce proteins essential to life through protein synthesis Within each cell the DNA determines the kinds of proteins that are produced
7	MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES Diffusion is the process whereby substances pass across a membrane generally from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration Osmosis is diffusion through a selective permeable membrane in which some materials can diffuse while others can’t
8	MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES Filtration - solutes move across a semipermeable membrane from high pressure to lower pressure Active transport - molecules move across membrane from low to high concentration
9	MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS ACROSS CELL MEMBRANES Phagocytosis is “cell eating” of substances within particles Pinocytosis is “cell eating” of substances within solution
10	SPECIALIZATION Specialized cells may lose the ability to perform some of the other life functions Nerve and heart muscle cells cannot normally be replaced
11	DISORDERS OF CELL STRUCTURE Tumors result when cell division is abnormal Benign tumors are composed of cells confined to a local area Malignant tumors continue to grow and crowd out healthy cells Malignant tumors spread through the body by a process called metastasis