1	ANATOMY LECTURE SERIES ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
2	FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
3	FUNCTION OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Secretion of hormones or chemical messengers that coordinate and direct activities of target cells and organs Major glands of endocrine system pituitary - thyroid - thymus pineal - parathyroid - adrenals pancreas - gonads
4	HORMONAL CONTROL Negative feedback occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone triggers a chain reaction of responses to increase hormones in the blood
5	PITUITARY GLAND Located at the base of the brain and connected to the hypothalamus Divided into anterior and posterior lobes Known as the master gland because of its major influence in body’s activities
6	HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Divided into two lobes anterior pituitary lobe is larger and produces seven hormones posterior pituitary lobe is smaller and consists primarily of nerve fibers and neuroglial cells
7	THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS Thyroid glands Located in the anterior part of neck Secretes 3 hormones: Thyroxine Triiodthyronine Calcitonin
8	THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS Parathyroid glands Four glands attached to posterior surface of thyroid Stimulate an increase in number and size of osteoclasts (specialized bone cells)
9	THYMUS GLAND The thymus gland is both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ The thymus secretes a large number of hormones
10	ADRENAL GLANDS Two adrenal glands located on top of each kidney; each has two parts Cortex - secretes 3 groups corticoids Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids Sex hormones Medulla - secretes epinephrine norepinephrine
11	GONADS Gonads - sex organs Ovaries - female sex organ ova estrogen and progesterone Testes - male sex organ sperm testosterone
12	PANCREAS Located behind stomach Functions as: Exocrine gland Secretes pancreatic juices into small intestine to become digestive juices Endocrine gland Produces insulin and glucagon
13	PINEAL GLAND Attached to the third ventricle of the brain Produces the hormone melatonin Amount of light affects the amount of melatonin secreted Causes body temperature to drop
14	OTHER HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE BODY There are many hormones produced throughout the body originating from many different glands and organs Prostaglandins are hormones secreted in various tissues throughout the body
15	DISORDERS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine gland disturbances may be caused by: Disease Infection Hyperactivity Hypoactivity
16	PITUITARY DISORDERS Hyperfunction of Pituitary Gigantism Acromegaly Hypofunction of Pituitary Dwarfism Diabetes Insipidus Caused by posterior lobe dysfunction
17	THYROID DISORDERS Blood tests are done to diagnose Hyperthyroidism Due to overactivity of thyroid gland Hypersecretion of thyroxin Hypothyroidism Due to inflammation of thyroid gland Thyroid isn’t able to secrete enough thyroxin
18	PARATHYROID DISORDERS The parathyroid glands regulate the use of calcium and phosphorus Hyperfunctioning Kidney stones Calcium taken from bones Hypofunctioning Tetany - low levels of calcium affects the nerves
19	ADRENAL DISORDERS Hyperfunction of the Adrenal Cushing’s syndrome Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex Addison’s disease
20	STEROID ABUSE IN SPORTS Effects of steroid abuse: Liver changes Decreased spleen production Atrophy of testicles Breast enlargement Cardiovascular disease
21	PANCREATIC DISORDERS Diabetes mellitus Ineffective secretion or use of insulin Type I - juvenile diabetes Type II - adult diabetes Treatment Glucose monitoring - Diet Weight reduction - Medication
22	PANCREATIC DISORDERS Tests for Diabetes Mellitus Urine samples Blood samples glucometer (glucose monitor) glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)