1	Anatomy Lecture Series THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
2	FUNCTIONS Supports body structure and provides shape to the body Protects internal organs Allows movement and anchorage of muscles Provides mineral storage Allows hemopoiesis (Blood cell formation)
3	STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF BONE Bones consist of microscopic cells called osteocytes Ossification is the process where mineral matter starts to replace cartilage, creating bone
4	STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE Diaphysis is the long, hollow cylinder of hard, compact bone At each end of the diaphysis is an epiphysis The medullary canal in the center, is filled with marrow, and is surrounded by compact or hard bones (See illustration in the next slide)
5	STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE
6	STRUTURE OF LONG BONE The endosteum is the lining of the marrow canal that keeps the cavity intact Periosteum, a tough, fibrous tissue containing blood vessels, lymph nodes and nerves covers the outside
7	GROWTH Bones grow in length and ossify (cartilage replaced by mineral matter) from the center toward the extremities Osteoblasts are bone cells that deposit new bone Osteoclasts are bone cells that secrete enzymes to dissolve bone structure
8	BONE TYPES Four types of bones are: Long bones - upper and lower arms and legs Flat bones - skull and ribs Irregular bones - spinal column Short bones - wrists and ankles
9	PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton consists of: Skull Spinal column Ribs Sternum (breast bone) Hyoid bone (Lingual bone, supports tongue)
10	PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder Girdle Arm Hand Pelvic Girdle Upper Leg Lower Leg Ankle Foot
11	PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
12	JOINTS AND RELATED STRUCTURES Diarthroses (movable) joints Ball-and-socket joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Gliding joints Amphiarthroses (partially movable) joints Synarthroses (immovable) joints
13	JOINTS AND RELATED STRUCTURES
14	TYPES OF MOTION Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Rotation Pronation
15	DISORDERS OF THE BONES AND JOINTS Fracture Greenstick Closed/simple Open/compound Comminuted Dislocation Sprain
16	DISORDERS OF THE BONES AND JOINTS
17	DISEASES OF THE BONES Arthritis: Rheumatoid, Osteoarthritis Gout Rickets Slipped (herniated) disk Whiplash injury Abnormal curvatures of the spine
18	DISEASES OF THE BONES CONT’D Abnormal curvatures of the spine Kyphosis - Hunchback Lordosis - Swayback Scoliosis – Side to side lateral curvature.
19	OTHER MEDICALLY RELATED DISORDERS Osteoporosis – Reduced mineral density, porous, susceptible to fracture. Osteomyelitis – Infection involving all or part of the bone. Osteosarcoma – Bone cancer.